Taxation as a US person living abroad
Taxation as a US person living abroad involves special considerations for individual taxpayers. If you are a US citizen or resident alien, the rules for filing income, estate, and gift tax returns and paying estimated tax are generally the same whether you are in the United States or abroad. Your worldwide income is subject to US income tax, regardless of where you reside.[1]
Among the tax issues confronting you are additional reporting requirements for foreign bank and investment accounts, along with a number of applicable exclusions, deductions, and tax credits. If you have a non-citizen spouse you face potential limitations on inheritance and gifting. If you renounce or relinquish citizenship, or abandon permanent residency, you may face additional special taxes.
Definitions
US person
For US tax purposes, US citizens and permanent residents (green card holders) living outside the US face the same filing requirements as US residents. Collectively, these are all 'US persons'.
If you hold a green card, you must formally surrender your status to free yourself from US tax filing requirements as a resident alien. The most common way to do this is to file Form I-407[2] with USCIS, and then filing Form 8854, "Initial and Annual Expatriation Statement." with the IRS. See "Expatriation tax" below for further details.
- Warning: If you are a green card holder, even living outside the US long enough that the card expires or that US immigration authorities consider it no longer valid for immigration does not change your tax and filing status for the IRS.
Expatriate
The IRS code defines "expatriate" as someone who has given up US citizenship or Permanent Resident (green card) status.[3] Take care not to confuse this with the more normal English meaning of the term "expatriate," which refers to a citizen of one country residing in another country, and is generally shortened to "expat."
For clarity, this article uses the terms "expatriate" and "expatriation" only in the specific IRS sense. It avoids the term "expat" and uses "US person living outside the US" or "US person living abroad" to mean US citizens and green card holders living in countries other than the US.
Filing requirements
Form 1040
If you are a US person living outside the US, you must still file tax returns with the IRS. You receive an automatic two month extension to the filing deadline.
Report of foreign bank and financial accounts (FBAR)
If the aggregate contents of all your financial accounts located outside the US exceeds $10,000 at any point in the year, you must file FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)[4][5] (formerly Form TD F 90-22.1) by April 15 of the following year, with automatic extension to October 15 for all filers.[6] This form goes to the Treasury Department, but not to the IRS — it goes to a different branch of the Treasury. As of 2013, you must file this form electronically; no other options are available. The BSA E-Filing System site[7] handles electronic filing.
- Warning: For FinCEN Form 114 you must report not only accounts belonging to yourself but also any accounts over which you have signature authority, such as company or other organizational accounts.
Statement of specified foreign financial assets (FATCA)
Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets (often referred to as the FATCA form),[8] is similar to the FBAR, and reports almost the same information, but you file this form with the IRS along with your tax return.[note 1]
The Form 8938 filing requirement does not replace or otherwise affect your obligation to file FinCEN Form 114 (FBAR, above). You have to file each form for which you meet the relevant reporting threshold. A comprehensive FAQ detailing requirements for each form can be found at the IRS: Comparison of Form 8938 and FBAR Requirements.[9]
Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE)
The IRS sums up the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE):[10]
If you are a U.S. citizen or a resident alien of the United States and you live abroad, you are taxed on your worldwide income. However, you may qualify to exclude from income up to an amount of your foreign earnings that is adjusted annually for inflation ($107,600 for 2020, $108,700 for 2021, $112,000 for 2022, and $120,000 for 2023 [$126,500 for 2024]).
— IRS on the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
You use Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income[11] to figure your FEIE.
The FEIE only applies to earned income (wages and salary), not to passive income (rent, interest, dividends, capital gains). Where the work was performed determines where the income is deemed to have been earned, NOT where the money comes from. For example, if you live and work abroad and are paid by a US employer, it is foreign earned income (with exceptions for some government employees). If you live abroad and work for a foreign employer, and they send you to the US on business, the US considers all wages earned while physically in the US as US-source income. Also, income earned in international airspace, international waters, Antarctica, and even outer space, are all treated as US-source income.
Tax treaties[12] may have the effect of returning the right of first taxation to a foreign government even for work performed in the US.[13] You may need to use a foreign tax credit for this case. For example, if you are a full-time resident of Japan, and your Japanese employer sends you to the US on a business trip, the US-Japan tax treaty[14] specifies that the income you earned while in the US is to be treated as though you earned it in Japan. You cannot, however, exclude this income from US taxation using the FEIE. Instead, you need to pay whatever Japanese taxes are due on the income, and then use the Additional Foreign Tax Credit worksheet[15] in the back of Pub. 514[16] to calculate the foreign tax credit that you can take against the US taxes levied on that same income.
Foreign Tax Credit (FTC)
You can take a Foreign Tax Credit (FTC) for foreign taxes paid on income that is not excluded using the FEIE. In some cases, where the foreign tax rate is high enough to more than cancel any US taxes due, it may be more advantageous to use only the FTC and forgo the FEIE — for example, to keep you eligible to make IRA contributions.[note 2]
There are significant limitations on your ability to switch back and forth between using the FTC and the FEIE. Regarding the FEIE, the IRS states:[17]
Once you choose to claim an exclusion, that choice remains in effect for that year and all future years unless it is revoked. To revoke your choice, you must attach a statement to your return for the first year you do not wish to claim the exclusion(s). If you revoke your choice, you cannot claim the exclusion(s) for your next 5 tax years without the approval of the Internal Revenue Service. See Pub. 54 for more information."
— IRS on the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
Foreign housing exclusion or deduction
You can take an exclusion or deduction for certain foreign housing-related expenses, to the extent that they exceed a certain threshold ($19,200/year in 2022). There is a cap on the amount that you can claim that varies by location.[18] You use Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income[11] to figure the exclusion or deduction.
The IRS describes what expenses are eligible:[19]
Line 28. Enter the total reasonable expenses paid or incurred during the tax year by you, or on your behalf, for your foreign housing and the housing of your spouse and dependents if they lived with you. You can also include the reasonable expenses of a second foreign household (defined later). Housing expenses are considered reasonable to the extent they are not lavish or extravagant under the circumstances.
Housing expenses include rent, utilities (other than telephone charges), real and personal property insurance, nonrefundable fees paid to obtain a lease, rental of furniture and accessories, residential parking, and household repairs. You can also include the fair rental value of housing provided by, or on behalf of, your employer if you have not excluded it on line 25.
Do not include deductible interest and taxes, any amount deductible by a tenant-stockholder in connection with cooperative housing, the cost of buying or improving a house, principal payments on a mortgage, or depreciation on the house. Also, do not include the cost of domestic labor, pay television, or the cost of buying furniture or accessories.
— IRS Form 2555 instructions
For further details, see the instructions to Form 2555.[17]
Living in a US territory outside of the USA
US territories and possessions include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the US Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
The IRS notes:[20]
American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico have their own independent tax departments.[21] If you have income from one of these US territories, you may have to file a US tax return only, a territory tax return only, or both returns. This generally depends on whether you are considered a resident of one of the US territories. In some cases, you may have to file a US return, but be able to exclude income earned in a territory from US tax. Filing requirements for specific US territories are explained in Publication 570.[22]
— IRS
Non-citizen spouses
Choosing a filing status
If your spouse is a non-resident alien, and you wish to file as Married Filing Jointly, you will need to choose to treat your spouse as a US resident for tax purposes as noted in Publication 54:[23]
If, at the end of your tax year, you are married and one spouse is a U.S. citizen or a resident alien and the other is a nonresident alien, you can choose to treat the nonresident as a U.S. resident. This includes situations in which one of you is a nonresident alien at the beginning of the tax year and a resident alien at the end of the year and the other is a nonresident alien at the end of the year.
If you make this choice, the following two rules apply.
- You and your spouse are treated, for income tax purposes, as residents for all tax years that the choice is in effect.
- You must file a joint income tax return for the year you make the choice.
This means that neither of you can claim under any tax treaty not to be a US resident for a tax year for which the choice is in effect.
You can file joint or separate returns in years after the year in which you make the choice.
— IRS Publication 54
Once you make this election, it continues for all subsequent years. If you revoke it, you generally cannot ever choose it again.
- Warning: Choosing to treat a nonresident alien spouse as a US resident creates US reporting requirements for all of that spouse's income and assets.
Publication 54 also notes:
If you do not choose to treat your nonresident alien spouse as a U.S. resident, you may be able to use head of household filing status. To use this status, you must pay more than half the cost of maintaining a household for certain dependents or relatives other than your nonresident alien spouse. For more information, see Publication 501.
— IRS Publication 54
For further details, see Publications 54[23] and 501.[24]
Special conditions on spousal inheritance and gift taxes
Nolo provides a short summary of inheritance and gift tax issues with a non-US citizen spouse:[25]
Assets Left at Death
Assets left to a surviving spouse are not subject to federal estate tax, no matter how much they are worth, provided that the surviving spouse is a U.S. citizen. This rule is called the unlimited marital deduction. It is in addition to the individual exemption (currently $11.2 million) that everyone gets.
The marital deduction, however, does not apply when the spouse who inherits isn’t a U.S. citizen, even if the spouse is a permanent U.S. resident. The federal government doesn’t want someone who isn’t a citizen to inherit a large amount of money, pay no estate tax, and then leave the country to return to his or her native land.
Still, keep in mind you can leave assets worth up to the exempt amount (again, $11.2 million for deaths in 2018) to anyone, including your non-citizen spouse, without owing any federal estate tax. And if the non-citizen spouse dies first, assets left to the spouse who is a U.S. citizen do qualify for the unlimited marital deduction.[note 3]
Gifts Given During Life
If your spouse is a citizen, any gifts you give to him or her during your life are free of federal gift tax. If your spouse is not a U.S. citizen, however, the special tax-free treatment for spouses is limited to $152,000 a year (2018). This amount is indexed for inflation. That’s in addition to the $11.2 million you can give away or leave to anyone without owing federal gift/estate tax.
— NOLO
These problems apply not only to US persons abroad, but to any US person who is married to a non-US citizen.
Establishing permanent residency in US
It is possible for the foreign spouse (or other immediate relative) of a US citizen to apply for US permanent residency while still outside the US. According to the US Citizenship and Immigration Services:[26]
If you are currently outside the United States and are an immediate relative of a U.S. citizen, you can become a permanent resident through consular processing. Consular processing is when USCIS works with the Department of State to issue a visa on an approved Form I-130 petition when a visa is available. You may then travel on the visa and will officially become a permanent resident when admitted at a U.S. port of entry.
— USCIS
For details, see the USCIS "Consular Processing" page.[27]
Expatriation tax for losing citizenship or permanent residency
Loss of status
US Citizens
The two primary ways to lose US citizenship are:
- Relinquishing US citizenship: If you take the citizenship of another country with the intent of relinquishing US citizenship, you are considered to have "relinquished" US citizenship. You still have to notify your local US embassy in person for the loss to be recognized by the US government, however. On November 9, 2015, the consular processing fee for relinquishment rose from zero to $2,350.[28]
- Renouncing US citizenship: You can also "renounce" US citizenship, which requires you to take an oath of renunciation at a US embassy or consulate. This costs a $2,350 processing fee as of September 12, 2014,[29] and potentially subjects you to application of the Reed Amendment.[30]
For tax purposes, relinquishment and renunciation are identical, with your tax filing obligation continuing up until the date of the appointment at the embassy or consulate. For other purposes (such as transmitting US citizenship to your children), your effective date of loss of citizenship is the date of the relinquishing act (such as acquiring another citizenship with intent to relinquish US citizenship), or if renouncing, the date you take the renunciation oath at the embassy or consulate.
- Warning: Even if you take another citizenship intending to relinquish, if you then travel on your US passport, vote in a US election, or do anything else that indicates that you still consider yourself a US citizen after the presumed expatriating act, you will be deemed not to have relinquished after all, at which point renouncing may become the only recognized way for you to lose US citizenship.
Green card holders
The elective ways to lose a US green card are:
- Abandoning US permanent residency: This is similar to relinquishing US citizenship. You need to file Form I-407, Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Resident Status.[2]
- Claiming US tax treaty benefits: A long-term permanent resident claiming treatment as a resident of another country and not waiving tax treaty treatment for that country is deemed to have lost permanent resident status.[31]
The first of these is the cleanest, and by far the most common. Prior to July 1, 2019, you could file Form I-407 with the USCIS field office in the local US embassy. After this date, you have to file this form directly with the USCIS in Vermont,[32] although a rare exception may be possible. The estimated processing time is 60 days, so you need to take this into account in any planning.
- Warning: If you hold a green card you must formally surrender your status to free yourself from US tax filing requirements as a resident alien. Allowing the physical card to expire so that US immigration authorities consider it no longer valid for immigration does not change your tax and filing status for the IRS.
Tax consequences
In either case of losing citizenship, or in the case of losing permanent residency if you have been a lawful permanent resident of the US in at least eight of the past fifteen years, the tax implications are similar. You need to file IRS Form 8854, Initial and Annual Expatriation Statement,[33] and potentially pay exit taxes based on a deemed disposition of assets and a deemed immediate distribution of all pension and retirement savings.
The cases described above are the most common ones, but there are many special cases and exceptions, and different rules apply for those who lost citizenship or residency in previous years. For details, see Instructions for Form 8854,[34] and the IRS discussion of the expatriation tax.[31]
This is also an area where the laws have changed frequently in recent years, and the tax traps here are numerous and severe, so be very careful if you plan on taking any of the above steps.
Investing as a US person living abroad
Investing from within the US
401(k) and Roth 401(k) contributions
If you have access to 401(k) or Roth 401(k) plans, it may be worth thinking about what order to make contributions to what kind of plan. For example, it may make sense to make pre-tax contributions to a 401(k) until you no longer have taxable income (with the remainder being untaxed due to application of reductions such as the FEIE, the Standard Deduction, and the Personal Exemption), and make post-tax contributions with any amounts above that.
IRA and Roth IRA contributions
If you use the FEIE, you cannot use any of the excluded income to contribute to an IRA. You can contribute if you have earned income above the FEIE limit, and below the IRA contribution cutoff. You can also contribute using earned income that is not excludable (for example, wages you earn during a business trip to the US, which are considered US-source income even if paid by a non-US employer).[note 4]
You do not have to use the FEIE, but if you do use the FEIE, you have to use all of it, and exclude all income that is excludable up to the exclusion limit. It is NOT possible to partially exclude eligible earned income and leave some un-excluded for IRA contributions.
Investing locally (from outside the US)
If you invest where you live, you need to be aware of several issues and hindrances caused by US tax rules.
Passive foreign investment company (PFIC)
Mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), real estate investment trusts (REITs) and other collective investment vehicles, if they are not registered with the US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), are classified under US tax law as Passive Foreign Investment Companies, or PFICs. The taxation on these under US law is extremely unfavorable, and requires you to file Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund[35] with your tax return, which can be an extremely time consuming task.[36]
In general, to avoid PFIC issues, you can only invest through SEC-registered investment vehicles (which may in turn incur tax problems with the local tax authorities), or otherwise through individual stocks and bonds.
For a discussion of how to invest using individual stocks, see the Wiki page on passively managing individual stocks.
If you live in the UK, you need to use HMRC 'reporting funds' to avoid the UK's higher tax rates for gains in offshore (to the UK) funds. A selection of US domiciled ETFs are HMRC reporting funds. For more, see the Wiki page on US domiciled ETFs that are UK HMRC reporting funds.
Forms W-9 and W-8BEN
If, as a US person, you open a financial account outside the US that deals with US securities (brokerage dealing in US stocks and ETFs, for example), you account provider should give you a Form W-9[37] to fill out. This form identifies owners of US securities who are US persons, and tells your brokerage NOT to withhold US taxes from US-source distributions, since you will declare them on your US tax return separately.
If you are a US person, you should NOT fill out a Form W-8BEN.[38] This form is for non-resident aliens, and will typically result in US taxes being automatically withheld on distributions. (If you do find yourself subject to automatic withholding for some reason, this does not relieve you of the requirement to report the distributions on your US taxes, it just makes the job more complicated.)
US-based brokerages
Because of FATCA, most non-US brokerages (and many US based ones) now refuse access to US persons living outside the US. However, Interactive Brokers welcome this client group.[note 5]
Several major US brokerages do not allow investors to open accounts from outside the US. Vanguard is one example.[39] Another example is Schwab, which no longer offers accounts to residents of Japan.[40][note 6]
EU and UK residents and PRIIPs
In 2018, the European PRIIPs (Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products) regulation became effective. As a result it is now difficult or even impossible for EU residents to purchase US domiciled funds directly (although indirect purchases potentially remain possible[note 7]). Shares purchased before the regulation came into effect can be kept and sold, but EU residents can generally no longer buy new shares of these funds or ETFs.
The UK left the EU in January 2020, but created its own 'UK PRIIPs' regime that is fully aligned with the EU PRIIPs, so PRIIPs restrictions continue to apply in the UK.[41]
Cross-border taxation
In general, other countries do not recognize the tax-advantaged status of US accounts such as IRAs, 401(k)s, Coverdell ESAs, and 529 plans. And symmetrically, the US generally does not recognize other countries' tax-advantaged accounts either.
There are some limited exceptions, depending on tax treaty.[12] For example, the US-Canada tax treaty[42][43] provides for cross-recognition of some (but not all) tax advantaged accounts in either country, as does the US-UK treaty.[44] But the US-Japan treaty,[14] for example, has no such provisions, so Japan will treat a Roth IRA as just another taxable account, and the US will do the same with a NISA (Japan's equivalent to a Roth IRA).
Canadian tax advantaged accounts
Canadian registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs) and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs) held by US citizens can receive tax exempt status.[45][note 8]
Registered education savings plans (RESPs) and Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs) cannot receive tax exempt status and may be subject to additional tax filings.[45]
Notes
- ↑ Details are in FATCA Information for Individuals, from the IRS.
- ↑ You claim the foreign tax credit by filing Form 1116 Foreign Tax Credit.
- ↑ There are two common strategies employed to allow a non-citizen spouse to receive the unlimited marital deduction.
- Get citizenship by the time the estate tax return is due.
- A non-citizen spouse can inherit free of estate tax through the use a special trust, called a "qualified domestic trust" or QDOT. Property is placed in the trust, instead of directly to your spouse. Your spouse is the beneficiary of the trust; there can’t be any other beneficiaries while your spouse is alive. Your spouse receives income that the trust property generates; these amounts are not subject to estate tax. The trust must be established prior to the filing of the estate tax return. The trustee of the trust must be a US citizen or US corporation. See A Qualified Domestic Trust (QDOT), nolo.com. A QDOT requires expert professional guidance. It is important to realise that a QDOT does not avoid US estate tax, but only defers it until withdrawals of principal or the death of the surviving spouse.
- ↑ In the case of spousal IRAs, your spouse's non-excluded income can be used to found a spousal IRA. Pub 590 is quite clear on this question:
- Taxable compensation for IRA contribution purposes does not include income excluded under the FEIE or housing exclusions, but if one spouse has taxable compensation in excess of this exclusion, the excess income can fund an IRA contribution.
- A spousal contribution can be made for the lower earning spouse using income from the higher earner. The spouse whose taxable compensation exceeds the FEIE can therefore provide this excess taxable comp for the other lower earning spouse. In other words, the excess taxable comp of the higher earning spouse does not have to be applied to the remaining FEIE of the lower earning spouse.
- ↑ For more, see: Interactive Brokers home page.
- ↑ Search the forum for suggested alternative brokerages and workrounds: Vanguard ex-pat site:bogleheads.org - Google Search
- ↑ Forum member "finrod_2002" provides details of how an investor might use options trades to work around PRIIPs restrictions, in Bogleheads forum post: "Re: European, dutch investor here: Is investing in VTI and VXUS still a good choice?". 17 Feb 2019, viewed 28 Oct 2019.
- ↑ In 2014, the IRS eliminated the requirement to report RRSPs on Form 8891, U.S. Information Return for Beneficiaries of Certain Canadian Registered Retirement Plans. (Ref: IRS Simplifies Procedures for Favorable Tax Treatment on Canadian Retirement Plans and Annual Reporting Requirements, Oct. 7, 2014). However, Revenue Procedure 2014-55 Sections 5, 6, and 7 suggest this Form be filed to report on Form 8938 that they have filed Form 8891 with respect to an RRSP or RRIF.
See also
- US tax pitfalls for a US person living abroad
- Passive foreign investment company
- US domiciled ETFs that are UK HMRC reporting funds
- Investing from Japan for US citizens and US permanent residents
- Investing from the UK for US citizens and US permanent residents
References
- ↑ "U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "I-407, Record of Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Resident Status". USCIS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About International Individual Tax Matters". IRS. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- ↑ "FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts". US Treasury. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "FinCEN Introduces New Form for Authorizing FBAR Filing by Spouses and Third Parties". US Treasury. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "New Due Date for FBARs". US Treasury. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "BSA E-Filing System". US Treasury. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Comparison of Form 8938 and FBAR Requirements". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Foreign Earned Income Exclusion". IRS. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Tax Treaties". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Foreign Tax Credit — Special Issues (IRS)". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "US-Japan Tax Treaty Documents". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Additional Foreign Tax Credit Worksheet". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "IRS Pub. 514". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Instructions for Form 2555". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Instructions for Form 2555, Limits on Housing Expenses". IRS. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
- ↑ "Instructions for Form 2555, Limits on Housing Expenses". IRS. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
- ↑ "Individuals Living or Working in U.S. Territories / Possessions". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Filing Information for Individuals in Certain U.S. Possessions". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Publication 570, Tax Guide for Individuals With Income From U.S. Possessions". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Publication 54: Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Publication 501: Head of Household". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Estate Planning When You're Married to a Noncitizen". Nolo. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Green Card for an Immediate Relative of a U.S. Citizen". USCIS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Consular Processing". USCIS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates-Passport and Citizenship Services Fee Changes". Federal Register. September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates-Visa and Citizenship Services Fee Changes". Federal Register. August 28, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Reed Amendment". Cornell Law School. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Expatriation Tax". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "USCIS Will No Longer Accept I-407 at International Field Offices". USCIS. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
- ↑ "IRS Form 8854 Initial and Annual Expatriation Statement". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Instructions for Form 8854". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "IRS Form 8621 instructions: Disclosure, Privacy Act, and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Form W-9, Request for Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) and Certification". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Form W-8BEN, Certificate of Foreign Status of Beneficial Owner for United States Tax Withholding". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Special notice to non-U.S. investors". Vanguard. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ Investing from Japan for US citizens and US permanent residents § US-based brokerage
- ↑ "Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products (Amendment) (EU Exit)". GOV.UK. Retrieved February 1, 2020. Regulations 2019: explanatory information
- ↑ "US-Canada Tax Treaty Documents". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Convention Between Canada and the United States of America With Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital". Government of Canada. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ "US-UK UK Tax Treaty Documents". IRS. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 "U.S. Tax Treatment of Certain Canadian Tax-Deferred Accounts". Collins Barrow. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
External links
- Form I-407, Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Resident Status, from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
- Canada / United States Tax & Accounting, by Serbinski Accounting Firms. A discussion forum specializing in US / Canada cross-border tax and accounting issues.
- Wiki (?) - Investing as an expat (US citizen living abroad), forum discussion
- Cross-Border and Expatriate Issues, finiki, the Canadian financial Wiki
- U.S. Taxation of Americans Abroad 2017 explains the rules that determine how a US citizen or resident's US taxes are affected as a result of living outside the United States, by KPMG, viewed November 5, 2019.
- U.S. taxation of foreign citizens assists non-US citizens and nationals who work or live in the United States in understanding US tax law as it applies to them, by KPMG, viewed November 5, 2019. (Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.)
- Americans Should Avoid Owning Shares in a Non-U.S. Mutual Fund, by Creative Planning, viewed June 11, 2023. (Archived from the original on April 1, 2023.)
- The Expatriation Tax Regime: Surprises, Problems, and Planning Techniques, from Kleinberg, Kaplan, Wolff & Cohen, P.C, viewed November 20, 2020.
US Department of the Treasury
- FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, from the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
IRS guidelines
IRS publications and forms
- Publication 54, Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad
- Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens
- IRS Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income
- Publication 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals
- Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets
- Publication 570, Tax Guide for Individuals With Income From U.S. Possessions
- Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund
- IRS Form 8854, Initial and Annual Expatriation Statement
Bibliography
- Bernard Schneider (October 1, 2012). "The End of Taxation without End: A New Tax Regime for U.S. Expatriates". Virginia Tax Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2012. Available at SSRN.
- Lawrence Lokken (July 4, 2009). "The Big, Bad FBAR: Reporting Foreign Bank Accounts to the U.S. IRS". University of Florida Levin College of Law Research Paper No. 2009-25. Available at SSRN.
- Dean Marsan (March 31, 2012). "The New FATCA Information Reporting Requirement Under Code Sec. 6038D and the Temporary and Proposed Regulations: A Comparison to the FBAR". Journal of Taxation of Financial Products, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2012. Available at SSRN.
- David S. Miller; Jason D. Schwartz (February 28, 2011). "Summary of the Final FBAR Regulations". Available at SSRN.