# Progressive tax

A Progressive tax takes a larger percentage of income from high-income groups than from low-income groups and is based on the concept of ability to pay. A progressive tax system might, for example, tax low-income taxpayers at 10 percent, middle-income taxpayers at 15 percent and high-income taxpayers at 30 percent. The U.S. federal income tax is based on the progressive tax system.[1][note 1]

## Tax rate increases as Taxable income increases

Before looking at how this works in the U.S. income tax system, the concept of "Taxable income" needs to be understood. The IRS defines "Taxable income" (in upper case) on the Form 1040 different than "taxable income" (lower case). In particular, "Taxable income" is one's Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) reduced by one's Standard (or Itemized) Deductions. (These deductions are not taxed.) The other term, "taxable income" (lower case), is used in contrast to "nontaxable income". [2]

This table shows how to calculate taxes to be paid on Taxable income by a single person in 2018.

2018 Federal Tax Rate, Single Person[3]
Taxable Income Tax Rate Tax Bracket
$0 -$9,525 10% of Taxable income 10%
$9,526 -$38,700 $952.50 plus 12% of the amount over$9,525 12%
$38,701 -$82,500 $4,453.50 plus 22% of the amount over$38,700 22%
$82,501 -$157,500 $14,089.50 plus 24% of the amount over$82,500 24%
$157,501 -$200,000 $32,089.50 plus 32% of the amount over$157,500 32%
$200,001 -$500,000 $45,689.50 plus 35% of the amount over$200,000 35%
$500,001 or more$150,689.50 plus 37% of the amount over $500,000 37% As Taxable income increases, the amount of tax paid on each additional dollar increases (see Marginal rate below). This is the progressive aspect of the tax - higher income means paying more taxes. A proportional tax would pay the same percentage regardless of income. The figure below is a graphical representation of the tax table. ### Tax bracket A tax bracket is the range of Taxable income to which a tax rate applies.[4] In this example, there are seven ranges of Taxable income. Each range is taxed at a different rate and is therefore a separate tax bracket. The tax brackets in the above table are 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%. (The tax bracket column is not present in the actual IRS table. It was added here to show the concept.) ### Marginal rate Within each tax bracket, each additional dollar will impose the same amount of tax. For example, you will pay a tax of 10% if your income is$5,000 ($500 tax) or$9,000 ($900 tax). If your Taxable income increases to$10,000, your next dollar of Taxable income is taxed at a 12% rate. This is a higher marginal rate than the 10% rate imposed for $9,000. The marginal rate is not the total tax you pay. It only describes the rate of the tax paid for that specific amount of Taxable income. ## Calculation of the income tax As an example, a single person has a Taxable income of$60,000 which falls within the 22% tax bracket.

The approach is to add the amount of each underlying tax bracket up to the total Taxable income:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Total tax}}&=10\%*(\9,525-\0)+12\%*(\38,700-\9,526)+22\%*(\60,000-\38,701)\\&=(\952.50+\3,500.88)+\4,685.78\\&=\4,453.38+\4,685.78\\&=\9,139.16\end{aligned}}}

The intermediate amount of $4,453.88 is the sum of the underlying 10% and 12% tax brackets. The process is shown graphically in the figure below. The IRS tax table does the same calculation as shown below. For convenience, the IRS places the sum of the underlying tax brackets in the same row as the Taxable income. The amount of$4,453.50 is the sum of the 10% and 12% brackets ($4,453.88 rounded to the nearest$0.50).

2018 Federal Tax Rate, Single Person (from above)
Taxable Income Tax Rate Tax Bracket
$38,701 -$82,500 $4,453.50 plus 22% of the amount over$38,700 22%

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Total tax}}&=\4,453.50+22\%*(\60,000-\38,700)\\&=\9,139.50\end{aligned}}}

## Notes

1. This is in contrast to a proportional tax that takes the same percentage of income from all income groups. Definition: Understanding Taxes - Glossary, IRS.

1. "Understanding Taxes (Student)". https://www.irs.gov/. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved November 26, 2018. External link in |website= (help)
3. "2018 Federal Tax Rates, Personal Exemptions, & Standard Deductions". https://www.irs.gov/. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved November 26, 2018. External link in |website= (help) The tax bracket column has been added for the wiki.
4. "What Are the Tax Brackets?". https://www.hrblock.com/. H&R Block. Retrieved November 25, 2018. External link in |website= (help)