View source for Managing a windfall

A '''windfall''', in personal finance, is defined as a significant amount of money that a person gets unexpectedly. Windfalls can range in magnitude from small additions to an individual's wealth to large fortunes. Since small and large windfalls, both of which are addressed below, can mean huge changes in a recipient's life, psychological and emotional factors<ref group="note"> A wide range of responses can accompany a financial windfall. Persons who have experienced financial windfalls have shared that they’ve experienced some or many of the following emotions as they adjusted to their new circumstances.

{| 
|+ '''Emotional reactions to windfalls '''Source: [http://www.settlementadvisor.com/Misc_Resources/Windfall%20Nefe.pdf Financial Psychology and Lifechanging Events], NEFE 
| style="width: 30%" |
*Elation  
*Fear of loss of money
*Fear of a change in relationships with others
*Anxiety
*Paralysis
*Inability to see the money as a gift or an advantage
*Not knowing what to do with the money
|style="width: 30%"|
*Depression
*Resistance
*Anger
*Grief
*Distrust
*Numbness
*Isolation
|style="width: 30%"|
*Feelings of unworthiness
*Resentment
*Lack of confidence
*Guilt
*Desire to give it all away
*Intimidated
*Lack of identify
*Sense of loss
|}
</ref> are often the most important factors determining outcomes. The National Endowment for Financial Education advises windfall recipients to take the following course of action.<ref name="NEFE">[http://www.settlementadvisor.com/Misc_Resources/Windfall%20Nefe.pdf Financial Psychology and Lifechanging Events], NEFE </ref>

Do nothing rash. Set aside one year's living expenses and place the rest of the windfall into low risk investments (FDIC insured accounts, money market funds, treasury bills) for one year. As it may take as long as five years for the windfall recipient to adjust to a new life, this pause provides a chance for emotions to cool, helps avoid impulsive behavior, and, if warranted, allows the recipient time to put together a team of professional advisers. Then, create a detailed plan to meet your highest priority financial goals, and track your progress over the years. 
{{Notice|"Most financial practitioners agree that well over 50 percent [of windfalls] are lost in a relatively short period of time. NBC News reported that more than 70 percent of lottery winners exhaust their fortunes within three years." -''Larimore, Lindauer, and LeBoeuf (2006). The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing. Chapter 15, p.180: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471730330.''}}

==Common sources of windfalls==
Windfalls come in many forms. Here are some common types:

* '''Legal settlements''' : Settlements include personal injury settlements, settlements involving workers compensation and settlements of employment discrimination. Settlements are taken as either a lump sum or, alternately, as a structured settlement of annuity payments.
* '''Inheritances''': These can often involve retirement accounts and assets held in trust.
* '''Gifts''': These can range from annual gift exclusions up to the lifetime estate taxation credit limit.
* '''Lottery winnings''': Taken as a series of payments; or as the sales value of payments exchanged for a lump sum.
* '''Insurance settlements''': These can be in the form of death benefits received as either a lump sum or annuity; as pre-death cash surrender values; or as life settlements, the sale of a life insurance policy by the owner to a third party in exchange for a lump sum.
* '''Retirement lump sums''': Usually taken in lieu of a lifetime series of annuity payments
* '''Sudden increases in income''': These can come in the form of bonus payments; stock options; or cashing shares in an IPO.

While not being external sources of new wealth, other common sources of receiving large lump sums include the following:<ref name="Guide">Larimore, Lindauer, and LeBoeuf (2006). ''The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing''. Chapter 15: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471730330. </ref>
* A real estate sale
* The sale of a business
* Widowhood and divorce

Sales of businesses and real estate involve the conversion of an illiquid asset into large sums of fungible cash. Death and divorce not only cause dislocation and trauma, but often result in suddenly thrusting an individual who has had little or no interest or no experience in investing, into the position of managing family wealth.

==Size of a windfall==

Windfall sizes vary dramatically. A small windfall might bring you a step closer to your financial goals, a bigger one may make you financially independent, and an enormous windfall might be more money than you ever imagined spending. Windfall size is somewhat relative to your income and assets; what would be a life-changing amount of money for one person might be only accelerate someone else's mortgage payoff by a few years. Some thresholds are more absolute, such as the federal estate tax exemption ($11.58M for singles and $23.16M for married couples as of 2020<ref>[https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/estate-tax Estate tax], IRS</ref>); financial planners generally agree that additional planning is necessary with assets above this level.

This wiki page will intends to provide guidance for windfalls that are ''relatively'' large compared to one's income and assets, enough to entail significant lifestyle changes and the need for additional planning. The guidance presented is intended to apply to a wide variety of windfall types, sources, and absolute sizes. Readers are encouraged to consider the guidance that applies to their individual situation.

==Common pitfalls==

Among windfall recipients, common errors of commission include:<ref> [http://www.stephenlnelson.com/WindfallFinancialPlanning.htm Financial Planning for a Windfall in Wealth: Lotteries, Stock Options, Inheritances and Other Surprises], Stephen L. Nelson, CPA, PLLC. </ref>

* quitting one's job prematurely
* buying extravagantly priced automobiles or properties, or engaging in other expensive consumption spending
* feeling overconfident about one's business or investing acumen, resulting in jumping into new high risk investments (such as hedge funds) or as an "angel" investor in start-up companies
* falling prey to overcomplicated estate and investment management schemes. Be on the alert for people who may be trying to exploit you or take advantage of your new wealth. It’s important to recognize that you can be a target for all kinds of financial schemes. 
* by being too generous to family, friends, and charities

Common errors of omission include failing to:

* pay the legally required taxes
* choose risk-appropriate investments and earn a reasonable return on invested capital
* utilize appropriate accounts such as retirement plans
* engage with the right professionals
* set up the appropriate plans, including estate plans

==Preparing==

These initial steps will help put you in a position to manage a life-changing amount of money: 

===Take your time===

Finance authorities are in agreement that avoiding immediate impulse decisions is key to prudent management of the windfall situation. Among the recommendations for this period are the following:
* Tell as few people as possible. Unfortunately, even those close to you may become resentful or solicit you for gifts when they hear about your windfall. You can always tell people later on when you've had time to consider the effect that information may have on your relationships. 
* Set aside six months to one year's worth of expenses in a transaction account such as your checking account. Place the remaining windfall assets in separate accounts holding secure low-risk savings vehicles, such as FDIC guaranteed bank accounts and [[Certificate of Deposit|CD]]s, [[Money Markets|money market funds]], and [[Treasury bill|treasury bills]]. 
* Use this period of time to begin resolving emotional, family, and social issues. Different sources of windfall, such as the death of a loved one, may have powerful emotional consequences that you should focus on addressing, while spending minimal time worrying about finances. Coming to terms with your emotions will allow you to make better financial decisions.<ref group="note"> The emotional and social issues surrounding windfalls are explored in greater detail in the following links:
* [http://www.amydomini.com/howview How You View Yourself], Amy Domini, Sharon Rich, and Dennis Pearne: Excerpted from ''The Challenges of Wealth'' (Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones Irwin, 1988), a book on the psychology of wealth.
* [http://www.bankrate.com/finance/personal-finance/4-steps-to-profit-from-a-windfall-1.aspx 4 steps to profit from a financial windfall] examines emotional issues involving individual behavior, family dynamics, and inheritance.
* [http://www.settlementadvisor.com/Misc_Resources/Windfall%20Nefe.pdf Financial Psychology and Lifechanging Events] is a good general guide.
* [http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/filemgr?file_id=7217585 Entrepreneurs: Life after Exit] examines issues involved in selling businesses.</ref> 
* Hire a competent and unbiased tax professional, such as Certified Public Accountant (CPA), if you don't already have one. Estimated taxes may need to be filed. Complex tax issues may surround distributions from retirement plans, inheritances, and lottery winnings, as well as the exercise of stock options. If you're not sure if your windfall has tax consequences, many tax professionals will be willing to give you a free consultation, and prefer someone who doesn't sell investment products.
* If you have more complex finance issues that should not wait at least 6-12 months, skip ahead to the ''[[#Get_help|Get help]]'' step and pay a fair hourly rate for consultation from a fiduciary financial advisor, preferably one with a CFP or CFA certification. Urgent financial issues include needing to decide whether to receive a lump sum or annuity stream; having a large amount of high-interest debt; or facing imminent eviction, foreclosure, or collection action due to delinquent debts. The focus of the consultation should just be resolving your urgent issues, not necessarily developing a complete financial plan or investing capital. The goal isn't to begin putting your money to work, but rather to reduce stress and distractions by stabilizing your financial situation. Only make the minimum payments that will allow you to focus on the future, and don't redirect payments from paid-off debts to more spending.

===Think about goals===

Begin to think about long term goals, with more focus on the life you would like to create and (for now) less focus about how to achieve it. Some ideas for goals that may be meaningful:

* Retiring, either in the short or long term
* Changing jobs
* Starting a business
* Going back to school, either to pursue a new career or just for enjoyment
* Saving money for benefit of a loved one ([[529 plan]] for education, trust fund, helping pay for a wedding or house down payment, etc.)
* Moving to another city, or country
* Paying off debts
* Certain consumer purchases
* Purchasing real estate
* Traveling
* Taking up a new hobby
* Growing your family
* Donating to charity
* Volunteering your time

Even a very large windfall will likely not be enough to fully fund all or even most of these goals, so it's important to prioritize your goals, both in terms of overall priority, and the time it will take you to reach them. Many financial novices are surprised how ''little'' of a windfall they are actually able to spend immediately. For example, a $1M windfall will only generate about $30-40,000 per year of investment income over the long run, so initial spending will need to be limited so the windfall can provide a lasting improvement in lifestyle. Specific goals, and allocation of money toward them, will be formalized later in a written financial plan.

===Get educated===

Like it or not, you now have a new job (in addition to any other jobs you may already have) - learning how to manage money. Whether or not you are inclined to "do-it-yourself", you will need at least the knowledge necessary to evaluate financial professionals. Educating yourself on personal finance and investing will likely be, by far, the most money you will ever "earn" per hour, if it makes the difference between lifelong prosperity and a fortune squandered within a few years. 

* Read some [[Books: Recommendations and Reviews|recommended books]] on personal finance and investing. Reading at least three, that cover the topics of personal finance and investing, would be a good start.
* Browse the rest of the [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Main_Page Bogleheads wiki]. Many pages are meant to be accessible to those with little or no investing experience.

===Get help===

Unless you are already an experienced investor, it may be beneficial to hire a professional, at least for some initial guidance. Should you decide to use an adviser, the authors of ''The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing'' (Chapter 16, p.193: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471730330) recommend choosing an adviser who has earned a CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) or a CFP (Chartered Financial Planner) designation; uses a fee-only payment arrangement; and advocates an index fund investing approach. The fee-only compensation structure minimizes the advisor's conflicts of interest with respect to your financial success. A good financial advisor should be able to do the following:

* Calculate whether it is better to receive a lump sum or annuity stream of payments from a settlement, lottery winning, or retirement package
* Strategize about how to minimize taxes owed
* Recommend an investment strategy
* Recommend any additional types of insurance you may need, or what current types of insurance you hold may no longer be needed
* Determine whether you need to enlist an estate planning attorney<ref group="note"> The authors of ''The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing'' (Chapter 15, p.185: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471730330) recommend [http://www.martindale.com/ Martindale & Hubble] for checking out the credentials of an attorney. </ref> 
You can get free portfolio reviews and answers to personal finance questions on the [https://www.bogleheads.org/forum/index.php Bogleheads forums]. Most forum members are not finance professionals, but are nonetheless experienced investors, and as a whole have managed an enormous range of income and assets.

Whether to retain a [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Financial_planner financial planner] for a long time, or do your own investing using the [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Bogleheads%C2%AE_investment_philosophy Bogleheads® investment philosophy] or similar, is a personal choice.  When you have time, consider the [https://www.bogleheads.org/wiki/Getting_started "getting started"] wiki article (and the rest of this one). The more you learn, the better you will be able to judge whether an advisor is worth the cost to you.

==Creating a plan==

{{Quotation|Once you begin to become comfortable in your new financial reality, you may be ready for the successive phases, which include reviewing your situation and deciding how the money will be used. This is the fun part, when you'll choose -- with the help of... a solid financial plan -- whether to retire, buy a vacation home, donate to charities or set up trust funds for your children. The ultimate goal of all these steps is to create a sensible plan for handling your windfall that also allows you to come out with your relationships and sanity intact.|Susan Bradley|[http://www.bankrate.com/finance/personal-finance/4-steps-to-profit-from-a-windfall-1.aspx#ixzz25oVhMsH4 4 steps to profit from a financial windfall]}}

[[Financial planning|Financial planning]] is a ''long-term'' process<ref group="note">Sound financial planning incorporates these steps: 
#Establish a relationship with a CFP professional
#Gather your data and develop your financial goals
#Analyze and evaluate your financial status
#Review your CFP professional’s recommendations
#Set your course
#Benchmark your progress against the financial goals you established
Source: [https://www.letsmakeaplan.org/other-resources/financial-planning-process Financial Planning Process], by the [https://www.letsmakeaplan.org Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc.]</ref> of managing your finances so you can achieve your goals and dreams, while at the same time negotiating the financial barriers that inevitably arise in every stage of life. Fundamentally, the process for financial planning after receiving a windfall is the same as in any other situation. The only differences are:

* Larger amounts of money increase the relative importance of certain aspects of financial planning, such as tax planning and [[Tax-efficient fund placement|tax-efficient investing]], [[Index fund|minimizing investment costs]], [[Asset protection|asset protection]], and [[Estate planning|estate planning]].
* The windfall recipient is often thrust into a situation where they're required to manage a large amount of money without having the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience. 
* Serious emotional impacts often surround windfalls, which must be dealt with concurrently with financial planning.
* The consequences of financial mistakes are higher, in terms of absolute dollars, with larger amounts of money.

The core of the financial planning process is matching your goals, and the financial resources they will likely require, with your available resources, which can come from your present resources, but also future investment proceeds and any future earnings. This matching will require knowledge of the costs of your goals (both up-front and ongoing), how much of your available funds will need to go to taxes, and expected returns on various types of investments. Goals should be prioritized, and these priorities should be weighted by the amount of financial resources it will take to meet them. The end product of this process is a detailed financial plan that lists your goals, describes ''when'' and ''how'' you expect to meet them, and that is robust to factors beyond your control, such as job loss, unexpected expenses, and market swings. A complete financial plan should address all of the following areas:

===Work, Income, and Education===

If you are currently working, plan how long you will continue to work. If retirement is a high priority, and your windfall allows you to live off investment income with a [[Safe withdrawal rates|safe withdrawal rate]] (typically 3-4%), then you may be able to retire immediately. If you continue to work, include your expected future income in your financial plan.

The windfall may provide you the opportunity to change jobs, start your own business, or get additional training that would enable a new career, so consider whether these options are desirable.

===Location===

Decide where you would like to live, and include in your plan costs with moving and residing there. Typically the largest financial factors connected to location are available jobs, cost of living (particularly housing), state and local taxes, and proximity to family (which can affect travel and childcare costs). 

Your plan should include a location while working (if appropriate), and while retired. Differences in income tax rates can affect [[Traditional versus Roth|traditional versus Roth]] decisions.

===Spending===

Create a [[Household budgeting|written budget]] that includes allocations for meaningful categories of expense (food, transportation, etc.), and has some cushion for unexpected changes. Everyone needs a budget, no matter how much money they have. 

Include any immediate or planned future purchases, such as replacing an aging car immediately, or when it will reach the end of its life, and include saving for future purchases in the plan.

Consider both the up-front and ongoing costs of purchases. For example, windfall recipients often do not consider the ongoing costs associated with expensive properties (property tax, maintenance, utilities, cleaning) or vehicles (fuel, insurance, maintenance, storage for the winter, etc.), which can be substantial.

Resist the temptation to spend a significant portion of a windfall on short-term consumption spending. The enjoyment you'll get from investing and spending the windfall over a long period of time, and the comfort from having financial security, will likely far outweigh that from any consumer purchases.

===Accounts===

Understand the different types of tax-advantaged accounts available to you ([[401(k)]], [[IRA]], [[HSA]], [[529 plan]], [[Defined benefit pension plan]], etc.) and plan on using those that give you the greatest advantage. 

[[Variable Annuity|Variable annuities (VAs)]] are usually high-fee products marketed by commissioned salespeople, which are inferior to tax-advantaged accounts and [[Taxable account|taxable accounts]] and are best avoided. However, ''low-cost'' VAs can make sense for some windfall recipients. If you receive a large lump sum windfall that cannot be [[IRA rollovers and transfers|rolled over]] into an [[IRA]], and you intend to invest in [[Tax-efficient fund placement|tax-inefficient investments]], a low-cost VA will allow you to defer taxes on interest, dividends, and capital gains. The tax deferral ''may'' offset the VA fees, which are around 0.5%/year for a good low-cost VA, such as from [https://investor.vanguard.com/home Vanguard]. If you think a low-cost VA may be appropriate, consult with a third party fee-only financial advisor, who can help make sure the VA you're considering is well-suited for you and not fee-laden. See also: [[Non-deductible_traditional_IRA#Comparison_between_non-deductible_tIRA_and_taxable_accounts|performance comparison between non-deductible IRAs and taxable accounts]] (non-deductible IRAs have the same tax structure as VAs). 

Make sure any withdrawal restrictions (eg. penalties for non-qualified withdrawals from a 401(k) or IRA before age 59½) fit into your overall financial plan.

===Investments===
{{Notice|For further guidance involving the selection of an investment portfolio refer to these pages:
*[[Bogleheads® investment philosophy]]: This page explains the basic principles advocated by this site.
*[[Asset allocation]]: this page explains the process of dividing an investment portfolio among different asset categories depending on the need, ability and willingness of the investor to take risk.
*[[Three-fund portfolio]]: This page explains a simple portfolio popular with many of this site's members.
*[[Lazy Portfolios]]: This page contains a number of widely diversified portfolios.}}

Investing capital, and earning a good rate of return for an appropriate level of risk, is an essential component of almost all financial plans. Appropriate investments are strongly dependent on the time horizon of the goal being saved for. For example:
* Short-term goals, within the next 3 years, should be saved for using low-risk and low-volatility investments, such as savings accounts, [[Money markets|money market]] accounts or funds, [[Certificate of deposit|certificates of deposit (CDs)]], or short-term bonds. 
* Medium-term goals, in the 3-10 year range, can be saved for with slightly more volatile investments, such as intermediate-term [[Bond basics|bonds]], and could include a small percentage of [[Stock basics|stocks]].
* Long-term goals, 10 or more years away, can contain a large percentage of higher-volatility higher-return investments like [[Stock basics|stocks]] and real estate. 

Other key factors for choosing investments are need and willingness to take risk, and the consequences of falling short; see [[Asset allocation|asset allocation]] for a more detailed discussion.

Stock and bond investments should generally be purchased through [[Index fund|low-cost passive mutual funds]] for [[Diversification|diversification]], [[Expense ratios|reduced costs]], and higher [[Tax-efficient fund placement|tax efficiency in a taxable account]]. Avoid purchasing individual stocks, due to the high volatility and risk of permanent loss.

Windfall recipients should be especially cautious with high-risk investments (private equity, startup companies, etc.) that have a significant possibility of a total loss. Most windfall recipients don't have the necessary experience to properly evaluate high-risk investments, and also don't have the need for higher than market returns. Windfall recipients are also often the targets of bad investments or scams, so limiting investments to diversified funds from respectable institutions reduces this risk.

Once you have made your investment decisions these should be formalized in an [[Investment policy statement]] (IPS) or [[Investment Policy Statement#Investing plan | Investment plan]].

===Debts===
{{Main|Prioritizing investments}}

All financial plans should include a list of all current debts and a plan to pay them off. Medium- and high-interest debts, such as credit card debts, should be paid off quickly. See also: [[Paying down loans versus investing]].

Most windfall recipients should prioritize eliminating all debts, even low-interest ones, because the balance versus investing favors paying down debts more strongly than for more normal investors, for these reasons:
* Money put toward debt can't later be inappropriately spent, or lost to bad investments or [[Asset protection|civil judgments]]. Historically, these have been common ways windfall recipients have squandered their fortunes.
* Once a debt is paid off, cash flow improves as a required monthly payment is eliminated. This is especially valuable when the windfall is a lump sum.
* The most common reason to invest instead of paying down a debt is the possibility for a higher return than the debt's interest cost. However, most windfall recipients are investment novices who are less likely to reliably generate high returns from their investments. This makes the protection of principal plus guaranteed "return" of paying down a debt more attractive in comparison.
* Windfall recipients have less ''need'' to earn a high return, so the guaranteed "return" of paying off debts is more likely to be adequate.

Similarly, windfall recipients should avoid taking on new debts (for example, a large mortgage on an expensive new home), because servicing that debt will require good financial behavior over a much longer period of time, with many more opportunities for mistakes.

===Taxes===
{{Main|Tax basics}}

Due to the [[Progressive tax|progressive]] nature of the US income tax code, taxes become a more important element of financial planning with larger income and assets. Most windfall recipients will be able to reduce lifetime taxes with some basic tax planning. Common legal methods of reducing taxes include:
* Optimally timing the exercise of incentive stock options, sale of stock, etc. 
* If applicable, appropriate choice of a lump-sum or periodic payment
* Maximizing use of tax-advantaged accounts
* Appropriate choice of [[Traditional versus Roth|traditional versus Roth]] tax structures
* Investing in [[Municipal bonds|municipal bonds]] and/or [[Tax-managed fund comparison|tax-managed funds]] if the expected after-tax return is higher than standard investments
* Taking advantage of [[Step-up in basis|step-up in basis]] and [[Donating appreciated securities|donating appreciated shares to charity]]
* [[Tax loss harvesting]] and, if appropriate [[Tax gain harvesting|tax gain harvesting]]
* [[Tax-efficient fund placement]]
* Appropriately-timed [[Roth IRA conversion|Roth conversions]]
* Relocating to a low-tax or tax-free state, especially when withdrawing from tax-deferred accounts.

Avoid tax evasion schemes, including IRS listed transactions and offshore tax shelters, because these have a high risk of legal problems and IRS levies. Many scams are marketed as tax shelters too. Windfall recipients shouldn't need to take on these high risks in order to meet their financial goals. 

===Insurance===
{{Main|Insurance}}

As one's assets increase, most financial experts recommend increasing liability insurance limits. Large assets, especially if others know or can find out, make you a more attractive target for lawsuits, so more protection is warranted. High limits on the liability portions of renter's, homeowner's, and auto policies are the best place to start. For more coverage, [[Umbrella insurance|umbrella insurance]] provides millions of dollars of additional liability coverage, which stacks on top of other policies. 

More assets mean that insurance deductibles can be raised. There's no need to pay higher premiums on a $250 or $500 deductible when a large reserve of assets can cover a $1,000 or $2,500 payment. 

Reconsider the need for life insurance and disability insurance. If your heirs would be able to sustain an acceptable standard of living on the assets you have, you don't need life insurance. Likewise, if you could maintain a decent standard of living for yourself and your family on your assets with no income, you don't need disability insurance. Canceling these policies will save premium costs.

[[Long-term care insurance]] is not necessary if the windfall allows you to self-insure against the risk.

Permanent life insurance (including whole life, cash value life, indexed universal life, and others) is a hybrid insurance/investing financial product that is often marketed to high net worth individuals. In reality, the products have high fees and low liquidity, and are not ideal for either life insurance or investing; they are only appropriate for very rare situations. It's probably best to simply avoid permanent life insurance, but if you think it would be appropriate, get a second opinion from a third party fee-only financial advisor (preferably a fiduciary CFP or CFA advisor), and shop around from several insurance companies to make sure you get the best deal.

If you have put off buying any essential insurance (health and liability, and [[Homeowner's insurance|homeowner's]], [[Professional insurance|professional/malpractice]], life and/or disability if appropriate), take this opportunity to fix this part of your financial picture.

===Emergency Funds===
{{Main|Emergency fund}}

Once you get out of debt, you should create an emergency fund that covers about 6 months of living expenses. <ref>{{cite web|author=Miriam Caldwell|date=February 01, 2019|url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-should-i-do-with-a-sudden-windfall-2385942|title=What to Do With a Sudden Windfall?|publisher=the balance|access-date = May 30, 2020}}</ref>

The [[Deposit insurance|Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)]] insures bank accounts up to $250,000. If you are going to keep more than this amount in a bank account, consider dividing it among several accounts to keep your balance under this limit.

===Asset Protection===
{{Main|Asset protection}}

Asset protection is a branch of financial planning that seeks to protect assets from potential creditor claims. For the majority of high net worth individuals, simple and inexpensive asset protection techniques and good financial behaviors in general will provide more than adequate protection:
* Keep comprehensive liability insurance with high limits
* Maximize use of tax-advantaged accounts
* Pay off debts, and especially your mortgage if home equity is protected from creditors in your state
* Avoid activities likely to create liability (risky driving habits, keeping dangerous dog breeds, letting your teenager's friends borrow your boat, etc.)
* Minimize spending on flashy, expensive items that advertise your wealth
* [[Asset titling in the United States|Title joint assets]] as Tenants of the Entirety (in states where allowed)
* Keep potentially liability-generating assets, such as rental properties, inside a Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)
* Divorce is the most common cause of loss of assets, so choose a spouse that shares your values, and invest the time and energy into the relationship necessary to keep it healthy. Consider whether a pre-nuptial or post-nuptial agreement is appropriate for your situation; they often are when there is a significant disparity in assets, or when a spouse has children from a prior relationship.

More complex and expensive asset protection techniques, such as offshore trusts, cost tens of thousands of dollars to set up, and thousands of dollars per year to maintain. They are also far from iron-clad, and even their proponents concede that they are intended to only dissuade potential lawsuits rather than provide reliable protection. The cost/benefit trade-off is not favorable for most individuals.

===Giving===

Charitable giving can be a meaningful part of a financial plan. Especially if your windfall is large enough to at least cover your basic needs for the rest of your life, strongly consider at least some charitable giving for these reasons:
* It can enrich your life and be incredibly rewarding to help those less fortunate than you
* Giving can change your perspective on your new wealth for the better, and even help teach good financial management behaviors that will make your windfall last much longer. For example, rather than viewing money as something to be hoarded or spent on fleeting pleasures, you can grow to view it as a powerful force that can be applied to create good in your and your family's life, and in your community. Adopting a ''stewardship'' perspective on your windfall will create a positive experience when you give to promote your values, and will also encourage you to preserve and manage your windfall to last a lifetime. 
* Charitable gifts are tax-deductible, so charitable giving can be significantly (although not completely) offset by tax savings.

Consider giving money to family or friends (to whom you would leave assets in your will) during your lifetime, rather than after you die. With life expectancies what they are today, your children could easily be in their 60's or 70's by the time you pass away, many decades past when they would be able to put a gift to the best use. Giving during your lifetime also lets you enjoy seeing the positive effects of those gifts.

While giving to family, friends, and charities can be immensely rewarding, take care of yourself first. While your windfall may seem like more money than you will ever need, progressive tax rates and the need for a low [[Safe withdrawal rates|safe withdrawal rate]] may mean you have far less money available on an ongoing basis than you first imagined. It's okay to give, but it should be prioritized against other goals and included in a comprehensive plan.

Carefully consider the effect any gifts or loans to family or friends could have on your relationships. Experience indicates that loans to family and friends often strain relationships, creating stress and resentment on both sides, especially if the loan is not paid back exactly in accordance to the agreement. Giving, rather than lending, is usually a better way to help that minimizes the impact to the relationship, and will also limit your outlay to what you can afford to lose. 

Giving can also damage relationships, especially when the recipient is merely a friend or acquaintance as opposed to close family. After receiving a large gift, the recipient may feel pressure to behave a certain way (eg. spending time with you when it's inconvenient for them), and you may also wonder whether their friendship is predicated on the expectation of gifts. 

Be extremely cautious giving or lending money to anyone with severe financial trouble, including close family and friends. Most likely, behavioral finance problems were the dominant cause of the trouble. Unless and until those problems are fixed, they will quickly be back in similar trouble, and any money you gave would likely be wasted on high-interest debts and unnecessary spending. Look for other ways to help, such as hiring them a [[#Get_help|good fee-only financial planner]] or even providing some financial advice yourself using your newly acquired knowledge, if you feel comfortable. Not everyone would be receptive to this type of help, and some people's behavioral finance problems are irreparable, so be prepared to disengage with them on financial topics and provide support through other facets of your relationship.

===Estate Planning===
{{Main|Estate planning}}

Estate planning is the branch of financial planning dealing with preparing for one's own death and the associated distribution of assets, and also planning for one's own incapacity. Major goals of estate planning usually include:
* Ensuring that your financial affairs are managed the way you want them to, in the event you become temporarily or permanently incapacitated
* Ensuring that medical decisions are made in accordance with your wishes, if you are not able to make them yourself
* Ensuring that your assets are distributed the way you want after you die
* Avoiding [[Probate|probate]], which is expensive, time-consuming, and creates a public record of your assets
* Minimizing taxes (income tax, estate tax, gift tax, inheritance tax, capital gains tax, etc.). As of 2020, the estate tax exemption is $11.58M for individuals and $23.16M for married couples; assets above these levels will probably require additional planning.
* Arranging for guardians for any dependents in the event of your death or incapacity

'''Trusts''' are common in estate planning, especially when large amounts of money are involved. A trust is a legal entity where assets maintained within the trust are managed and disbursed by the trustee for the benefit of the trust's beneficiary, according to the terms of the trust. Trusts can have a very wide variety of purposes and structures. Appropriate uses of trusts include:
* Requiring assets willed to a beneficiary to be spent in a particular way that aligns with your values, for example, allowing trust funds to be spent only on higher education and certain other expenses
* Distributing assets over a long period of time, rather than all at once, for example, to reduce the chance of mismanagement for a younger child or an heir without the capacity to manage a large amount of money
* Avoiding [[Estate and inheritance tax|estate tax]], for example, with an Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT)<ref>[https://www.kitces.com/blog/unwinding-irrevocable-life-insurance-trust-rescue-modification-termination/ Unwinding An “Irrevocable” Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) That’s No Longer Needed], Michael Kitces, Nerd's Eye View, December 12, 2018</ref>. A-B trusts were also commonly used for this purpose before the estate tax exemption became portable between spouses.<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/a-b-trust.asp A-B Trust Definition], from Investopedia.</ref>

Estate laws are state-specific, so consult an attorney in your state who specializes in estate planning. A good estate planning attorney will work with you to determine your needs in all these different areas, and create the documents and trusts you need to execute your estate plan.

==Monitor progress and make necessary adjustments==

At least once per year, check your your progress toward your goals, and consider the following checks and adjustments:
* Check your actual spending against your planned budget. The tendency to gradually increase one's spending is known as ''lifestyle creep''. If you find your actual spending significantly exceeds your plan, evaluate the reasons why, and either reduce spending on the items that provide the least value, or adjust your financial plan to include higher spending. Raising your spending could delay or prevent you from reaching certain financial goals.
* Monitor the performance of your investments and [[Rebalancing|rebalance]] as necessary. Avoid any temptation to panic-sell either at market highs or lows. [[Bogleheads®_investment_philosophy#Stay_the_course|Stay the course]].
* Stay up-to-date on changes in tax laws, and change tax strategy if necessary.
* Reevaluate your insurance needs, and shop around with other insurance companies to make sure you are getting the lowest rates on policies, especially if your situation has changed significantly. 
* Reevaluate your estate plan. Beneficiaries may need to be changed, new trusts may need to be created, or old trusts may no longer be necessary. Estate tax laws also change frequently, so changes may be needed to avoid taxes.

Avoid the temptation to tinker with your plan and investments unnecessarily. Hot new investments often get covered by the press and on social media, usually after their price has been run up on speculation. Buying into the top of a bubble usually means you'll lose a lot of money when the bubble bursts. If you think your investment plan needs a change, it's probably worth a consultation with a fee-only financial advisor.

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==See also==
*[[Financial planning]]
*[[Financial planner]]
*[[Investment adviser]]
*[[Inheriting an IRA]]
*[[Inheriting a Roth IRA]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Vanguard [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/insights/article/yil-managing-windfalls-042014?&Link=home_banner1&LinkLocation=HomepageOverviewContent Your Investing Life: Managing Financial Windfalls]
* {{Forum post|t = 316411 | title = Proposed update to Managing a Windfall wiki page | author = fyre4ce | date = June 01, 2020}}
{{Bogleheads investing start-up kit}}
[[Category:Personal finance]]