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{{Under construction}}
{{US|reason=none|non-US_link=[[Bogleheads® investing start-up kit for non-US investors]]}}
{{User:LadyGeek/Bogleheads investing startup kit summary box}}
{{Bogleheads investing startup kit summary box}}
Welcome to the '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!
Welcome to the '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!


This kit is designed to help you begin or improve your investing journey. If you haven't already, visit the [[Getting started]] page which will introduce you to the Bogleheads® philosophy and help you find the right starting point for exploring all of the content in the wiki. Investing is a complex topic and can easily become overwhelming, but we're here to help! Here are a few tips to help you start getting organized in your investing journey.
This kit is designed to help you begin or improve your investing journey. If you haven't already, visit the [[Getting started]] page which will introduce you to the Bogleheads® philosophy and help you find the right starting point for exploring all of the content in the wiki. Investing is a complex topic and can easily become overwhelming, but we're here to help! Here are a few tips to help you start your investing journey.
* Get organized! Create a document to keep track of your progress. Tip: Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.<ref group="note">We will do our best to help you navigate the content as you start your journey, but sometimes you might get lost. Get organized!  
* Get organized! Create a document to keep track of your progress. Tip: Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.<ref group="note">We will do our best to help you navigate the content as you start your journey, but sometimes you might get lost. Get organized!  
* Create a document to keep track of your progress.
* Create a document to keep track of your progress.
* Consider reading through all of the summary content in the start-up kits before diving into the main articles that are linked. This will help you get a broad overview of the whole process before diving into the details.
* Consider reading through all of the summary content in the start-up kits before diving into the main articles that are linked. This will help you get a broad overview of the whole process before diving into the details.
* For a first reading, when the start-up kit suggests reading content on another page, read the lead-in on that page and avoid clicking further links. Once complete, come back to the start-up kit and continue your journey. This will help keep you on track and prevent the feeling of being overwhelmed.
* For a first reading, when the start-up kit suggests reading content on another page, read the lead-in on that page and avoid clicking further links. Once complete, come back to the start-up kit and continue your journey. This will help keep you on track and prevent the feeling of being overwhelmed.
* Wikis are meant as references and aren't designed to provide a step-by-step walk-through. Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.
* Wikis are meant as references and aren't designed to provide a step-by-step walk-through. Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.</ref>
</ref>
* Be patient with yourself! Investing can seem a complex topic but it does not need to be. One of the principles of the Bogleheads® investment philosophy is to invest with simplicity. <ref group="note">Investing with simplicity principle of the Bogleheads® investment philosophy : [[Bogleheads%C2%AE_investment_philosophy#Invest_with_simplicity]]</ref>
* Be patient with yourself! Investing is a complex topic and it will take time to get your bearings. Take it slow, track your progress, and ask for help if you get lost!
* It will take some time to get your bearings. Take it slow, track your progress. Ask for help on the [https://www.bogleheads.org/forum/index.php forum] if you get lost!
{{quotation|Simplicity is the master key to financial success.  When there are multiple solutions to a problem, choose the simplest one.|Investing With Simplicity, [[John Bogle]] <ref>[http://www.vanguard.com/bogle_site/lib/sp19990130.html Investing With Simplicity]</ref>}}


==Are you ready to invest?==
==Are you ready to invest?==
{{Main | Getting started}}
{{Main | Getting started}}
You need to save money to invest. Take a step back at look at the big picture. Investing only comes ''after'' you have a sound financial footing. Investigate these resources to determine whether you are ready to start on your long term investing journey.
You need to save money to invest. Take a step back and look at the big picture. Investing only comes ''after'' you have a sound financial footing. Investigate these resources to determine whether you are ready to start on your long-term investing journey.


* Watch this helpful video on how to [[Video: Start with a Sound Financial Lifestyle | start with a sound financial lifestyle]].
* Watch this helpful video on how to [[Video: Start with a Sound Financial Lifestyle | start with a sound financial lifestyle]].
* Pay down bad debt (credit cards, other high interest debt)
* Pay down high-interest credit cards and other debt
* Establish an emergency fund (saving 6 months of expenses is a common goal)
* Establish an emergency fund (saving 6 months of expenses is a common goal)
* If your employer offers a matching contribution on your retirement plan, take advantage of it - even as you work towards the above goals.
* If your employer offers a matching contribution on your retirement plan, take advantage of it - even as you work towards the above goals.


==Educate yourself==
==Educate yourself==
If you have never taken the time to educate yourself on investing basics, you should do that now. There are several easy-to-read books that do not require math knowledge, finance interest, or hours to read.  
{{main|Books: recommendations and reviews}}
 
If you have never taken the time to educate yourself on investing basics, you should do that now. There are several easy-to-read books that do not require extensive math knowledge, finance interest, or hours to read. For example, this e-book is a free download: [https://www.etf.com/docs/IfYouCan.pdf If You Can: How Millennials Can Get Rich Slowly]  
For example, this e-book is a free download: [https://www.etf.com/docs/IfYouCan.pdf If You Can: How Millennials Can Get Rich Slowly]  


[[Taylor Larimore's Investment Gems]] is a compendium of book reviews that will help you quickly learn what the experts have to say. These reviews are very informative and may also help you decide whether you would like to obtain the book.
[[Taylor Larimore's Investment Gems]] is a compendium of book reviews that will help you quickly learn what the experts have to say. These reviews are very informative and may also help you decide whether you would like to obtain the book.
Line 33: Line 33:
==Create an investment plan==
==Create an investment plan==
{{Main | Investment policy statement}}
{{Main | Investment policy statement}}
Your investment plan should look out into the future and include things like a new car or home purchase in a few years, education expenses for children, and retirement, just to name a few. All of these goals require money in different time frames, and the money should be invested accordingly. Start with a simple investing plan where your objectives can be something as simple as "I want to retire in 10 years".  Write down what the investment will be used for and when the funds are needed. Defining clear objectives will determine how you configure your portfolio.
Your investment plan should look out into the future and include things like a new car or home purchase in a few years, education expenses for children, and retirement, just to name a few common objectives. All of these goals require money in different time frames, and the money should be invested accordingly. Start with a simple investing plan where your objectives can be something as simple as "I want to retire in 10 years".  Write down what the investment will be used for and when the funds are needed. Defining clear objectives will determine how you configure your portfolio.
 
As you continue with this investing start-up kit you can expand your simple investing plan into a full blown investment policy statement (IPS) that describes the strategies that will be used to meet your objectives and contain specific information on subjects such as risk tolerance, asset allocation, asset location, rebalancing strategies and liquidity requirements.
 
==Set your level of risk and asset allocation==
''Risk tolerance'' is an investor’s emotional and psychological ability to endure investment losses during large market declines without selling or undue worry, such as losing sleep. ''Asset allocation'' divides an investment portfolio among different asset categories, like stocks, bonds, and cash. The asset allocation should be performed according to the investors risk tolerance.<ref name="Guide">[[Bogleheads' Guide To Investing]] 2nd ed.</ref> It is a key factor in creating a portfolio that will allow investors to stay the course during the inevitable market downturns.


===Set your level of risk===
As you continue with this investing start-up kit you can expand your simple investing plan into a full-blown investment policy statement (IPS). The IPS will describe strategies to meet your objectives and contain specific information on subjects such as risk tolerance, asset allocation, asset location, rebalancing strategies and liquidity requirements.
{{Main article| Risk tolerance}}
Risk is the ''uncertainty'' (variation) of an investment's return, which does not distinguish between a loss or a gain. However, investors usually think of risk as the possibility that their investments could lose money.


Risk can only be managed by diversifying your portfolio. You set your level of risk, the tolerance you have to a decline in your portfolio's value, by adjusting your asset allocation.
==Asset allocation - set your level of risk==
''Asset allocation'' divides an investment portfolio among different asset categories such as stocks, bonds, and cash. The asset allocation should be performed according to the investor's risk tolerance.<ref name="Guide">[[Bogleheads' Guide To Investing]] 2nd ed.</ref> Risk and return are directly related, i.e., a higher ''expected'' return will necessitate a higher level of risk. The asset allocation should reflect one’s unique ability, willingness, and need to take risk. This balance is a key factor in creating a portfolio that will allow investors to stay the course during the inevitable market downturns.


To know whether a portfolio is right for your risk tolerance, you need to be brutally honest with yourself as you try to answer the question, "Will I sell during the next bear market?"
''Risk tolerance'' is an investor’s emotional and psychological ability to endure investment losses during large market declines without selling or undue worry, such as losing sleep.


===Asset allocation===
===Asset allocation===
{{Main article| Asset allocation}}
{{Main article| Asset allocation}}
Selecting the appropriate asset allocation (ratio of stocks to bonds)''is essential'' to designing a portfolio that matches the investor's ability, willingness, and need to take risk.<ref>Swedroe, ''The Only Guide You'll Ever Need for the Right Financial Plan'', Bloomberg Press, 2010. ISBN 9780470929711 </ref>. Asset allocation is ''one of the most important decisions that investors can make''. In other words, the importance of an investor's selection of individual securities is insignificant compared to the ''way'' the investor allocates their assets to stocks, bonds, and cash.
Selecting the appropriate asset allocation (ratio of stocks to bonds) ''is essential'' to designing a portfolio that matches the investor's ability, willingness, and need to take risk.<ref>Swedroe, ''The Only Guide You'll Ever Need for the Right Financial Plan'', Bloomberg Press, 2010. ISBN 9780470929711 </ref>. Asset allocation is ''one of the most important decisions that investors can make''. In other words, the importance of an investor's selection of individual securities is insignificant compared to the ''way'' the investor allocates assets to stocks, bonds, and cash.


Although your exact asset allocation should depend on your goals for the money, some rules of thumb exist to guide your decision.
Although your exact asset allocation should depend on your goals for the money, some rules of thumb exist to guide your decision.
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The most important asset allocation decision is the split between risky and non-risky assets. This is most often referred to as the stock/bond split. Benjamin Graham's <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Graham Benjamin Graham], wikipedia </ref> timeless advice was:
The most important asset allocation decision is the split between risky and non-risky assets. This is most often referred to as the stock/bond split. Benjamin Graham's <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Graham Benjamin Graham], wikipedia </ref> timeless advice was:
:"We have suggested as a fundamental guiding rule that the investor should never have less than 25% or more than 75% of his funds in common stocks, with a consequence inverse range of 75% to 25% in bonds. There is an implication here that the standard division should be an equal one, or 50-50, between the two major investment mediums." <ref>''The Intelligent Investor,'' p. 93 of the 2003 edition annotated by Jason Zweig, Collins Business, ISBN 978-0060555665</ref>
:"We have suggested as a fundamental guiding rule that the investor should never have less than 25% or more than 75% of his funds in common stocks, with a consequence inverse range of 75% to 25% in bonds. There is an implication here that the standard division should be an equal one, or 50-50, between the two major investment mediums." <ref>''The Intelligent Investor,'' p. 93 of the 2003 edition annotated by Jason Zweig, Collins Business, ISBN 978-0060555665</ref>
[[John Bogle | Bogle]] recommends "roughly your age in bonds"; <ref group=note> [[John Bogle | Bogle]] advises that "as we age, we usually have (1) more wealth to protect, (2) less time to recoup severe losses, (3) greater need for income, and (4) perhaps an increased nervousness as markets jump around. All four of these factors suggest more bonds as we age." John Bogle, ''Common Sense on Mutuals Funds,'' (2010) pp.87-88</ref>; for instance, if you are 45, 45% of your portfolio should be in high-quality bonds. All age-based guidelines are predicated on the assumption that an individual's circumstances mirror the general population's. Individuals with different retirement ages (earlier or later), asset levels (those who have saved enough to fund their retirement fully with [[Treasury Inflation Protected Security | TIPS]], or needs for the money (e.g. college savings) would be well-advised to consider what circumstances make their situation different and adjust their asset allocation accordingly.
John Bogle recommends "roughly your age in bonds"; for instance, if you are 45 years old you might hold 45% of your portfolio in high-quality bonds. All age-based guidelines are predicated on the assumption that an individual's circumstances mirror the general population's. Because each individual's circumstances differ, these guidelines should be treated as a starting point.  
 
Individuals would be well advised to consider what circumstances make their situation different from the average case and adjust their asset allocation accordingly.
 
===Set your level of risk tolerance===
{{Main article| Risk tolerance}}
Investment risk is the ''uncertainty'' (variation) of an investment's return, which does not distinguish between a loss or a gain. However, investors usually think of risk as the possibility that their investments could lose money.
 
Investment risk can be managed by diversifying your portfolio. You set your level of risk, the tolerance you have to a decline in your portfolio's value, by adjusting your asset allocation.
 
To know whether a portfolio is right for your risk tolerance, you need to be brutally honest with yourself as you try to answer the question, "Will I sell during the next bear market?"


==Avoid common behavioral pitfalls==
==Avoid common behavioral pitfalls==
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As an example, if you select an asset allocation without taking into account your emotional capacity for risk, you’re unlikely to stay the course in a down market or market crash.
As an example, if you select an asset allocation without taking into account your emotional capacity for risk, you’re unlikely to stay the course in a down market or market crash.


Poor decisions are not always caused by emotion or stress, other types of behavior can affect decision making as well. ''It is essential'' that investors recognize the behavioral pitfalls before committing to decisions which can affect portfolio or investment goals.  
Poor decisions are not always caused by emotion or stress; other types of behavior can affect decision-making as well. ''It is essential'' that investors recognize the behavioral pitfalls before committing to decisions which can affect portfolio or investment goals.  


==Portfolio construction==
==Portfolio construction==
{{Main | Bogleheads® investment philosophy| index fund}}
{{Main | Bogleheads® investment philosophy| index fund}}
Rather than trying to pick specific securities or sectors of the market (US stocks, international stocks, and US bonds) that in theory might outperform the overall market in the future, Bogleheads buy funds that are widely diversified, or even approximate the [http://www.norstad.org/finance/total.html#arg whole market]. The best and lowest cost way to buy the whole stock market is with index funds (either through traditional mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs)). Bogleheads create a good plan, avoiding attempts to ''time the market'',  and then stick with it, "stay the course". This consistently produces good outcomes over the long term.
Rather than trying to pick specific securities or sectors of the market (US stocks, international stocks, and US bonds) that in theory might outperform the overall market in the future, Bogleheads buy funds that are widely diversified, or even approximate the [http://www.norstad.org/finance/total.html#arg whole market]. The best and lowest-cost way to buy the whole stock market is with index funds (either through traditional mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs)). Bogleheads create a good plan, avoiding attempts to ''time the market'' ,  and then stick with it, "stay the course." This consistently produces good outcomes over the long term.


===Keep costs low===
===Keep costs low===
It is critical to keep investing costs low. The following pages examine mutual fund costs:
One very important consideration in a portfolio is the total cost of ownership of the portfolio. Every dollar paid in fees means less is working for the portfolio owner. It is critical to keep investing costs low. The following pages examine mutual fund costs:
*[[Mutual funds and fees]]
*[[Mutual funds and fees]]
*[[Mutual funds: additional costs]]
*[[Mutual funds: additional costs]]


===Example Portfolios===
===Example Portfolios===
We advocate investments in well-diversified, low-cost index funds. The following articles provide examples of broadly diversified investment portfolios.
We advocate investments in well-diversified, low-cost index funds. The following articles provide examples of simple, broadly-diversified investment portfolios.
*[[Target date retirement funds]] - an all-in-one fund for investors who want simplicity of managing their investments.
*[[Target date retirement funds]] - all-in-one funds that adjust the asset allocation over time, aimed for investors who want simplicity of managing their investments.
*[[Three-fund portfolio]] - often recommended by Bogleheads attracted by "the majesty of simplicity" (John Bogle's phrase), and for those who want finer control and better tax-efficiency than they would get in a target date fund.
*[[Three-fund portfolio]] - often recommended by Bogleheads attracted by "the majesty of simplicity" (John Bogle's phrase), and for those who want finer control and better tax-efficiency than they would get in a target date fund.
*[[Vanguard four fund portfolio|Four-fund portfolio]] - Vanguard recommends a four-fund portfolio for global diversification. <ref group="note">Vanguard offers an easy-to-use tool which will help you select a four-fund portfolio. See: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/whatweoffer/mutualfundinvesting/narrowyourchoices Need an investment recommendation?], then select ''Answer a few questions for a recommendation''.</ref>
*[[Vanguard four fund portfolio|Four-fund portfolio]] - Vanguard recommends a four-fund portfolio for global diversification by adding international bonds <ref group="note">Vanguard offers an easy-to-use tool which will help you select a four-fund portfolio. See: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/whatweoffer/mutualfundinvesting/narrowyourchoices Need an investment recommendation?], then select ''Answer a few questions for a recommendation''.</ref>
*[[Lazy portfolios]] - Here are more examples of portfolios designed to perform well in most market conditions. These contain a small number of low-cost funds that are easy to rebalance. They are "lazy" in that the investor can maintain the same asset allocation for an extended period of time and are suitable for most pre-retirement investors.  
*[[Lazy portfolios]] - lists more examples of portfolios designed to perform well in most market conditions. These contain a small number of low-cost funds that are easy to rebalance. They are "lazy" in that the investor can maintain the same asset allocation for an extended period of time without needing adjustments and are suitable for most pre-retirement investors.


===Tax Considerations===
===Tax Considerations===
Consideration should be given to tax efficiency; which is an approach to minimize the effects of taxes on your portfolio. Tax efficiency should be considered ''after'' you select your asset allocation.
Consideration should be given to tax efficiency, which is an approach to minimize the effects of taxes on your portfolio. Tax efficiency should be considered ''after'' you select your asset allocation.
*[[Principles of tax-efficient fund placement]]
*[[Principles of tax-efficient fund placement]]


==Maintain your portfolio==
==Maintain your portfolio==
{{Main | Rebalancing}}
{{Main | Rebalancing}}
Once you have your portfolio, it's important to rebalance when your funds deviate more than 5%-10% from your asset-allocation plan. Target date retirement funds do the rebalancing for you.
Once you have your portfolio, it's important to maintain your targeted asset allocation. Rebalancing is the act of bringing a portfolio that has deviated from its target allocation back into line. If you are in the accumulation phase, this can be accomplished by adding new contributions to the asset classes that are below their targeted amount. Another approach is to transfer from over-allocated asset classes to under-allocated asset classes. This does not need to be done too often; for example, it can be done once a year or if your funds have deviated (more than 5%-10%) from your targeted asset allocation. Target date retirement funds automatically rebalance for you.


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Bogleheads® investing start-up kit for non-US investors]]
*[[Risk and return: an introduction]]
*[[Indexing]]
*[[Indexing]]
*[[Comparing investments]] - Basic financial concepts needed for investment decisions.
*[[Comparing investments]] - Basic financial concepts needed for investment decisions.
*[http://www.bogleheads.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6212 Laura’s tips on posting your portfolio and asking related questions]
*[http://www.bogleheads.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6211 Laura’s investment planning overview]


==References==
==References==
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{{Bogleheads start-up kits}}
{{Bogleheads start-up kits}}
{{Bogleheads investing start-up kit}}
{{Bogleheads investing start-up kit}}
[[Category:Getting started]]

Revision as of 09:31, 7 February 2021

Investing startup guide


1. Are you ready?
Get your expenses under control.

2. Educate yourself
Ideas worth learning.

3. Investment plan
Plan ahead.

4. Asset allocation
Set your percentage of stocks and bonds. What are you comfortable with?

5. Control your emotions
Recognize how emotions and biases influence decisions.

6. Portfolio construction
Invest in the entire market using low-cost index funds.

7. Maintain your portfolio
Rebalance your portfolio once a year.

Investing startup guide


1. Are you ready?
Get your expenses under control.

2. Educate yourself
Ideas worth learning.

3. Investment plan
Plan ahead.

4. Asset allocation
Set your percentage of stocks and bonds. What are you comfortable with?

5. Control your emotions
Recognize how emotions and biases influence decisions.

6. Portfolio construction
Invest in the entire market using low-cost index funds.

7. Maintain your portfolio
Rebalance your portfolio once a year.

Welcome to the Bogleheads® investing start-up kit!

This kit is designed to help you begin or improve your investing journey. If you haven't already, visit the Getting started page which will introduce you to the Bogleheads® philosophy and help you find the right starting point for exploring all of the content in the wiki. Investing is a complex topic and can easily become overwhelming, but we're here to help! Here are a few tips to help you start your investing journey.

  • Get organized! Create a document to keep track of your progress. Tip: Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.[note 1]
  • Be patient with yourself! Investing can seem a complex topic but it does not need to be. One of the principles of the Bogleheads® investment philosophy is to invest with simplicity. [note 2]
  • It will take some time to get your bearings. Take it slow, track your progress. Ask for help on the forum if you get lost!

Simplicity is the master key to financial success. When there are multiple solutions to a problem, choose the simplest one.

— Investing With Simplicity, John Bogle [1]

Are you ready to invest?

You need to save money to invest. Take a step back and look at the big picture. Investing only comes after you have a sound financial footing. Investigate these resources to determine whether you are ready to start on your long-term investing journey.

  • Watch this helpful video on how to start with a sound financial lifestyle.
  • Pay down high-interest credit cards and other debt
  • Establish an emergency fund (saving 6 months of expenses is a common goal)
  • If your employer offers a matching contribution on your retirement plan, take advantage of it - even as you work towards the above goals.

Educate yourself

If you have never taken the time to educate yourself on investing basics, you should do that now. There are several easy-to-read books that do not require extensive math knowledge, finance interest, or hours to read. For example, this e-book is a free download: If You Can: How Millennials Can Get Rich Slowly

Taylor Larimore's Investment Gems is a compendium of book reviews that will help you quickly learn what the experts have to say. These reviews are very informative and may also help you decide whether you would like to obtain the book.

There is no general agreement on what are the best first books, but this short list is very popular:

Published Details
2018 Taylor Larimore. The Bogleheads' Guide to the Three-Fund Portfolio. ISBN 978-1-119-48733-3. (Discussion)
2017 John C. Bogle. The Little Book of Common Sense Investing (10th Anniversary Edition). ISBN 978-1-119-40450-7. (Discussion)
2014 Taylor Larimore; Michael LeBoeuf; Mel Lindauer. The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing. ISBN 978-1-118-92128-9. (Discussion)
2014 William Bernstein. If You Can: How Millennials Can Get Rich Slowly. ISBN 978-0-9887803-3-0. (Discussion) (Free download)
2011 Andrew Tobias. The Only Investment Guide You'll Ever Need. ISBN 978-0-547-44725-4.
2010 Rick Ferri. All About Asset Allocation. ISBN 978-0-07-170078-8. (Discussion)
2009 William Bernstein. The Investor's Manifesto. ISBN 978-0-470-50514-4. (Discussion)
2005 Larry Swedroe. The Only Guide to a Winning Investment Strategy You'll Ever Need. ISBN 978-0-312-33987-6. (Discussion)

Suggested first reads for general financial education:

Published Details
2011 Allan Roth. How a Second Grader Beats Wall Street. ISBN 978-0-470-91903-3. (Discussion)
2006 Jane Bryant Quinn. Smart and Simple Financial Strategies for Busy People. ISBN 978-0-7432-6995-7.

For those residing outside the US (or outside their home country):

Published Details
2020 Index Investing & Financial Independence for Expats (Free download), supplied by the SimplyFI group (United Arab Emirates).
Written in a simple, easy-to-understand style, new investors residing inside or outside the US are encouraged to add this publication to their reading list. Discussed in this Bogleheads forum topic: "[Free download] Index Investing & Financial Independence for Expats".
2018 Andrew Hallam. Millionaire Expat: How To Build Wealth Living Overseas. ISBN 978-1-119-41189-5.
2014 Andrew Hallam. The Global Expatriate's Guide to Investing. ISBN 978-1-119-02098-1.

For more recommended reading, check out our book recommendations and reviews.

Create an investment plan

Your investment plan should look out into the future and include things like a new car or home purchase in a few years, education expenses for children, and retirement, just to name a few common objectives. All of these goals require money in different time frames, and the money should be invested accordingly. Start with a simple investing plan where your objectives can be something as simple as "I want to retire in 10 years". Write down what the investment will be used for and when the funds are needed. Defining clear objectives will determine how you configure your portfolio.

As you continue with this investing start-up kit you can expand your simple investing plan into a full-blown investment policy statement (IPS). The IPS will describe strategies to meet your objectives and contain specific information on subjects such as risk tolerance, asset allocation, asset location, rebalancing strategies and liquidity requirements.

Asset allocation - set your level of risk

Asset allocation divides an investment portfolio among different asset categories such as stocks, bonds, and cash. The asset allocation should be performed according to the investor's risk tolerance.[2] Risk and return are directly related, i.e., a higher expected return will necessitate a higher level of risk. The asset allocation should reflect one’s unique ability, willingness, and need to take risk. This balance is a key factor in creating a portfolio that will allow investors to stay the course during the inevitable market downturns.

Risk tolerance is an investor’s emotional and psychological ability to endure investment losses during large market declines without selling or undue worry, such as losing sleep.

Asset allocation

Selecting the appropriate asset allocation (ratio of stocks to bonds) is essential to designing a portfolio that matches the investor's ability, willingness, and need to take risk.[3]. Asset allocation is one of the most important decisions that investors can make. In other words, the importance of an investor's selection of individual securities is insignificant compared to the way the investor allocates assets to stocks, bonds, and cash.

Although your exact asset allocation should depend on your goals for the money, some rules of thumb exist to guide your decision.

The most important asset allocation decision is the split between risky and non-risky assets. This is most often referred to as the stock/bond split. Benjamin Graham's [4] timeless advice was:

"We have suggested as a fundamental guiding rule that the investor should never have less than 25% or more than 75% of his funds in common stocks, with a consequence inverse range of 75% to 25% in bonds. There is an implication here that the standard division should be an equal one, or 50-50, between the two major investment mediums." [5]

John Bogle recommends "roughly your age in bonds"; for instance, if you are 45 years old you might hold 45% of your portfolio in high-quality bonds. All age-based guidelines are predicated on the assumption that an individual's circumstances mirror the general population's. Because each individual's circumstances differ, these guidelines should be treated as a starting point.

Individuals would be well advised to consider what circumstances make their situation different from the average case and adjust their asset allocation accordingly.

Set your level of risk tolerance

Investment risk is the uncertainty (variation) of an investment's return, which does not distinguish between a loss or a gain. However, investors usually think of risk as the possibility that their investments could lose money.

Investment risk can be managed by diversifying your portfolio. You set your level of risk, the tolerance you have to a decline in your portfolio's value, by adjusting your asset allocation.

To know whether a portfolio is right for your risk tolerance, you need to be brutally honest with yourself as you try to answer the question, "Will I sell during the next bear market?"

Avoid common behavioral pitfalls

Jonathan Clements, former Wall Street Journal columnist said:

"If you want to see the greatest threat to your financial future, go home and take a look in the mirror.”

Investing is much more than working with numbers or reading a fund prospectus. Emotions also play a large role. If you let your emotions control your investing decisions, your investing plans will quickly go off-track.

As an example, if you select an asset allocation without taking into account your emotional capacity for risk, you’re unlikely to stay the course in a down market or market crash.

Poor decisions are not always caused by emotion or stress; other types of behavior can affect decision-making as well. It is essential that investors recognize the behavioral pitfalls before committing to decisions which can affect portfolio or investment goals.

Portfolio construction

Rather than trying to pick specific securities or sectors of the market (US stocks, international stocks, and US bonds) that in theory might outperform the overall market in the future, Bogleheads buy funds that are widely diversified, or even approximate the whole market. The best and lowest-cost way to buy the whole stock market is with index funds (either through traditional mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs)). Bogleheads create a good plan, avoiding attempts to time the market , and then stick with it, "stay the course." This consistently produces good outcomes over the long term.

Keep costs low

One very important consideration in a portfolio is the total cost of ownership of the portfolio. Every dollar paid in fees means less is working for the portfolio owner. It is critical to keep investing costs low. The following pages examine mutual fund costs:

Example Portfolios

We advocate investments in well-diversified, low-cost index funds. The following articles provide examples of simple, broadly-diversified investment portfolios.

  • Target date retirement funds - all-in-one funds that adjust the asset allocation over time, aimed for investors who want simplicity of managing their investments.
  • Three-fund portfolio - often recommended by Bogleheads attracted by "the majesty of simplicity" (John Bogle's phrase), and for those who want finer control and better tax-efficiency than they would get in a target date fund.
  • Four-fund portfolio - Vanguard recommends a four-fund portfolio for global diversification by adding international bonds [note 3]
  • Lazy portfolios - lists more examples of portfolios designed to perform well in most market conditions. These contain a small number of low-cost funds that are easy to rebalance. They are "lazy" in that the investor can maintain the same asset allocation for an extended period of time without needing adjustments and are suitable for most pre-retirement investors.

Tax Considerations

Consideration should be given to tax efficiency, which is an approach to minimize the effects of taxes on your portfolio. Tax efficiency should be considered after you select your asset allocation.

Maintain your portfolio

Once you have your portfolio, it's important to maintain your targeted asset allocation. Rebalancing is the act of bringing a portfolio that has deviated from its target allocation back into line. If you are in the accumulation phase, this can be accomplished by adding new contributions to the asset classes that are below their targeted amount. Another approach is to transfer from over-allocated asset classes to under-allocated asset classes. This does not need to be done too often; for example, it can be done once a year or if your funds have deviated (more than 5%-10%) from your targeted asset allocation. Target date retirement funds automatically rebalance for you.

Notes

  1. We will do our best to help you navigate the content as you start your journey, but sometimes you might get lost. Get organized!
    • Create a document to keep track of your progress.
    • Consider reading through all of the summary content in the start-up kits before diving into the main articles that are linked. This will help you get a broad overview of the whole process before diving into the details.
    • For a first reading, when the start-up kit suggests reading content on another page, read the lead-in on that page and avoid clicking further links. Once complete, come back to the start-up kit and continue your journey. This will help keep you on track and prevent the feeling of being overwhelmed.
    • Wikis are meant as references and aren't designed to provide a step-by-step walk-through. Bookmark this page so that you can always get back to the outline provided here.
  2. Investing with simplicity principle of the Bogleheads® investment philosophy : Bogleheads®_investment_philosophy#Invest_with_simplicity
  3. Vanguard offers an easy-to-use tool which will help you select a four-fund portfolio. See: Need an investment recommendation?, then select Answer a few questions for a recommendation.

See also

References

  1. Investing With Simplicity
  2. Bogleheads' Guide To Investing 2nd ed.
  3. Swedroe, The Only Guide You'll Ever Need for the Right Financial Plan, Bloomberg Press, 2010. ISBN 9780470929711
  4. Benjamin Graham, wikipedia
  5. The Intelligent Investor, p. 93 of the 2003 edition annotated by Jason Zweig, Collins Business, ISBN 978-0060555665

External links

  • The truth about risk, from Vanguard. A tutorial on the approach to configure and manage a portfolio.